世纪收藏网：钱币佳品-大清铜币一组

世纪收藏网：钱币佳品-大清铜币一组

中国是使用金属货币早的国家。而金属货币中，历代又以铜币为主。中国在殷周时期固以齿贝为货币，后因真贝不够，乃用仿制品铜贝代之。铜贝是向金属货币过渡的形态。民国成立后，铜元仍继续大量流通使用。1914年，铜元正式改称“铜币”。
Chinaisacountrythatusedmetalcurrencyearly.Amongthemetalcurrencies,coppercoinswerethemaincurrencyinallpreviousdynasties.DuringtheyinandZhoudynasties,Chinausedtoothedscallopsasitscurrency.however,duetotheshortageofgenuinescallops,Chinareplacedthemwithimitationcopperscallops.Coppershellisaformoftransitiontometalcurrency.AfterthefoundingoftheRepublicofChina,coppercoinscontinuedtobeusedinlargequantities.In1914,thecoppercoinwasofficiallyrenamed”coppercoin”.
大清铜币，学名清代机制铜圆，各地铸造比较统一。由广东伊始，铸造始于1900年（清光绪二十六年），奏准仿香港铜仙铸造机制铜圆。机制铜圆较之方孔铜钱铸造精良，市商乐用，流通顺畅。次年，清政府即谕令沿江沿海各省准许仿铸。尔后，全国各地纷纷开机铸造铜圆。止于1911年（宣统三年），流通时间较短。
Qingdynastycoppercoin,scientificnameQingdynastymechanismcoppercircle,castingisrelativelyunifiedeverywhere.FromthebeginningofGuangdong,castingbeganin1900(the26thyearofGuangxureignoftheQingdynasty),whichplayedaquasi-imitationofhongkong’scopperfairycastingmechanismofcoppercircles.Comparedwithsquare-holecoppercoins,themachine-madecoppercircleiswellcast,andisusedforcommercialpurposesandhassmoothcirculation.Thefollowingyear,theQinggovernmentorderedthecoastalprovincesalongtheYangtzerivertoallowimitationcasting.Afterwards,allpartsofthecountrystartedcastingcoppercirclesoneafteranother.Itendedin1911(threeyearsofXuantong).thecirculationtimewasrelativelyshort.
1905年10月，清政府在天津设立的户部造币总厂开始铸造新式铜元“大清铜币”，并颁布《整顿圜法章程十条》，其中规定：“铜元成色定为用九七紫铜，三厘白铜，原用听锡一厘”;“重量定准当二十者重库平四钱，当十者重库平二钱，当五者重库平一钱，当二者重库平四分”;“统一制造大清铜币，由户部颁发祖模，均与总厂所铸一律，惟于正面加铸省名一字，以便查考。每次铸出，均须呈送财政处户部化验，并由财政处户部随时遵派要员前往稽查”，“各省所铸铜币，应令该省所设官钱公估等局，酌量市面情形定价，随发随收，持之以信”;“各省所铸铜币，不得大宗贩运出生活上，若各省需用铜币，可备价至总厂领取”。
InOctober1905,thehouseholdcoin-makinggeneralfactorysetupbytheQinggovernmentinTianjinbegancastinganewtypeofcoppercoincalled”Qingcoppercoin”andpromulgatedthe”tenarticlesofassociationforthereorganizationoftheyuanlaw”,whichstipulates:”thecolorofthecoppercoinisdeterminedtobe97%copper,3%whitecopperand1%tin.””whentheweightissettobeequalto20,theweightisequalto4,theweightisequalto10,theweightisequalto2,theweightisequalto1,andtheweightisequalto4points.””theunifiedmanufactureofQingcoppercoinswillbemadebythehouseholddepartment,whichwillbethesameasthatofthegeneralfactory.however,thenameoftheprovincewillbeaddedtothefrontsoastofacilitateexamination.Eachcastingshallbesubmittedtothefinancedepartment’shouseholddepartmentfortesting,andthefinancedepartment’shouseholddepartmentshallsendimportantofficialstoinspectthematanytime.”forcoppercoinscastbyeachprovince,thegovernmentmoneyassessmentandotherbureaussetupinthatprovinceshallbeorderedtosetpricesaccordingtothemarketsituation,receivethemassoonastheyareissued,andholdthemintrust.””coppercoinscastbyprovincesarenotallowedtobesoldoutoflifeinlargequantities.iftheprovincesneedcoppercoins,theycanbecollectedfromthegeneralfactoryforaprice.”
“大清铜币”铜圆鼎盛时共有十九个省局铸造。除中央户部铸造者外，地方各省所铸铜圆，皆在其正面中央镌刻阴文或阳文省名简称。计有：1、中央户部；2、直；3、吉；4、奉；5、汴；6、鄂；7、湘；8、川；9、云；10、滇；11、川滇；12、赣；13、闽；14、粤；15、浙；16、苏；17、皖；18、东；19、宁。其中，吉字最少；川、湘字次之；滇、赣、苏、浙、东字再次之；余皆多见。
Atitspeak,the”Qingcoppercoin”wascastby19provincialbureaus.Exceptforthecentralhouseholdfounders,thecoppercirclescastbythelocalprovincesareinscribedwithyinoryanginthecenteroftheirfrontface.Thereare:1.thecentralhouseholddepartment;2.direct;3.Kyrgyzstan;4.bong;5.bian;6.Hubei;7.Hunan;8.Sichuan;9.cloud;10.Yunnan;11.SichuanandYunnan;12.Jiangxi;13.Fujian;14.Guangdong;15.Zhejiang;16.su;Anhui;18.east;19.ning.Amongthem,auspiciouswordsaretheleast.SichuanandHunancharacterstakesecondplace.Dian,gan,su,zheanddongcharactersonceagain;Morethaniscommon.
各省局以铸造不同年代为区别。各省局铸造不同年号“大清铜币”的情况如下：
Theprovincialbureausdifferfromeachotherbycastingdifferenteras.Thesituationofeachprovincialbureaucastingdifferentyearnumbersof”Qingcoppercoins”isasfollows:
1、乙巳，铸此年号者，仅中央户部（无铭文）及奉（奉天）两局；
1.yisi,whocastthisyear’stitle,onlythecentralhouseholddepartment(withoutinscriptions)andfengTian(fengtian)havetworounds.
2、丙午，铸此年号者达十八局之多，计有中央、粤（广东）、闽（福建）、直（直隶）、湘（湖南）、鄂（湖北）、川（四川）、川滇（康藏）、滇（云南）、云（云南）、赣（江西）、汴（河南）、苏（江苏）、浙（浙江）、皖（安徽）、东（山东）、宁（江南）、淮（清江）等；
2.atbingwu,asmanyas18inningshavebeencast,includingthecentralgovernment,Guangdong(Guangdong),Fujian(Fujian),zhili(zhili),Hunan(Hunan),Hubei(Hubei),Sichuan(Sichuan),SichuanandYunnan(kangzang),Yunnan(Yunnan),yun(Yunnan),gan(Jiangxi),bian(Henan),su(Jiangsu),Zhejiang(Zhejiang),Anhui(Anhui),dong(Shandong),ning(Jiangnan),Huai(Qingjiang),etc.
3、丁未，铸此年号者五局，为中央、粤、宁、奉、汴等；
3.dingWei,whocastthisyear’stitle,isthecentralgovernment,Guangdong,ning,feng,bian,etc.
4、戊申，铸此年号者仅粤、宁两局；
4.WuShen,whocastthisyear’stitle,wasonlyinGuangdongandNanjing.
5、己酉，铸此年号者较多，计有中央、粤、闽、鄂、皖、川、汴、吉、奉等九局；
5．jiyou,castthisyear’stitleismore,includingthecentralgovernment,Guangdong,Fujian,Hubei,Anhui,Sichuan,bian,Ji,fengandothernineinnings;
6、辛亥，它局皆未铸造，独汴（河南）一局铸此年号。
6,Xinhai,itsbureauhasnotbeencast,onlybian(Henan)bureaucastthisyear’stitle.
“户部”大清铜币，正面均钤有汉文“大清铜币”字样，左右边缘分列“户部”和干支纪年文字，后期去掉“户部”，仅留干支纪年文字，上缘列满文“大清铜币”，下缘列纪值文字;背面为统一蟠龙，又称“部颁龙”或“大清龙”，上缘前期为“光绪年造”、后期为“宣统年造”字样，下缘为英文“TAI—CIIING—TI—KUOCOPPERCOIN”，汉译为“大清帝国铜币”。户部所铸铜元正面中央无文字，各省所铸铜元正面中央铸一阴文单省名，也有个别为阳文以示区别。币值分为当制钱二十文、十文、五文和二文四种。此阶段新疆地区铸行“宣统元宝”铜元，西藏地区曾铸行“宣统宝藏”铜元，仅此两例。无其他版本大清铜币。
The”householddepartment”Qingcoppercoinhasthewords”Qingcoppercoin”inChineseonthefront.theleftandrightedgesaredividedinto”householddepartment”and”branchyear”characters.inthelaterperiod,the”householddepartment”isremovedandonlybranchyearcharactersareleft.theupperedgeisfilledwiththewords”Qingcoppercoin”andtheloweredgeisfilledwiththewords”branchyearvalue”.Onthebackistheunifiedpanlong,alsoknownas”ministerialdragon”or”Qingdragon”,withthewords”madeinGuangxuyear”intheearlystageand”madeinXuantongyear”inthelatestageontheupperedge,and”tai-ciiin-ti-kuocoppercoin”intheEnglishlanguageontheloweredge,whichistranslatedinto”Qingimperialcoppercoin”.Thereisnotextinthecenterofthefrontfaceofthecopperyuancastbythehouseholddepartment,andayinWensingleprovincenameiscastinthecenterofthefrontfaceofthecopperyuancastbytheprovinces.therearealsosomeyangWentoshowthedifference.Currenciesaredividedintofourcategories:20,10,5and2.Atthisstage,the”Xuantongyuanbao”coppercoinwascastinXinjiangandthe”Xuantongtreasure”coppercoinwascastinTibet.thisisonlytwocases.TherearenootherversionsofQingcoppercoins.
目前就有这样一组大清铜币展现在国内知名艺术网站上—世纪收藏网。此组铜币正面中心均为“大清铜币”字样，下方币值为当制钱十文，背后均为蟠龙图，图案精美，龙鳞清晰，下方均有英文“TAI-CHING-TI-KUOCOPPERCOIN（大清帝国铜币），中间左右两侧有“户”、“部”字样，钱币为光绪年造。此组钱币均保存较为完好，图案文字较为清晰，包浆浑厚，锈色自然。
Atpresent,thereissuchagroupofQingcoppercoinsdisplayedonthewell-knowndomesticartwebsite-centurycollectionwebsite.Thefrontcenterofthisgroupofcoppercoinsisallthewords”Qingcoppercoin”.thecurrencyvalueatthebottomistencharactersformakingmoney.thebackisallpanlongfigure.thedesignisexquisiteandtheLongLinisclear.thereareEnglishwords”tai-chin-ti-kuocoppercoin”(Qingimperialcoppercoin)atthebottom.therearethewords”household”and”department”attheleftandrightsidesofthemiddle.thecoinsweremadeinGuangxuyear.Allthecoinsinthisgrouparewellpreserved,withcleardesigncharacters,thickslurryandnaturalrustcolor.